Relationships Between Claim Structure and the Competitiveness of a Patent

A patent’s competitiveness becomes crucial for the enforcement of patent right to protect business and ensure profits of companies. This study quantitatively analyses patent applications related to patent infringement lawsuits filed in trial courts in Japan. The total number of independent claims (k) and the maximum number of independent claims within a single claim category (l) at the time of filing patent applications of winning patents are found to have significant positive correlation with the number of references listed in Japanese granted patent publications or the like (x) in the case of winning patents, but not in losing patents. These results indicate that ensuring of the maximal technological scope of invention while avoiding envisioned prior inventions at the time of filing patent applications is critical to obtain a competitive patent and that patent applications in competitive fields should have more independent claims

Magic angle effects in the interlayer magnetoresistance of quasi-one-dimensional metals due to interchain incoherence

The dependence of the magnetoresistance of quasi-one-dimensional metals on the direction of the magnetic field show dips when the field is tilted at the so called magic angles determined by the structural dimensions of the materials. There is currently no accepted explanation for these magic angle effects. We present a possible explanation. Our model is based on the assumption that, the intralayer transport in the second most conducting direction has a small contribution from incoherent electrons. This incoherence is modelled by a small uncertainty in momentum perpendicular to the most conducting (chain) direction. Our model predicts the magic angles seen in interlayer transport measurements for different orientations of the field. We compare our results to predictions by other models and to experiment.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Submitted To Phys. Rev.

2-D constrained Navier-Stokes equation and intermediate asymptotics

We introduce a modified version of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation, preserving energy and momentum of inertia, which is motivated by the occurrence of different dissipation time scales and related to the gradient flow structure of the 2-D Navier-Stokes equation. The hope is to understand intermediate asymptotics. The analysis we present here is purely formal. A rigorous study of this equation will be done in a forthcoming paper

Coulomb Effect: A Possible Probe for the Evolution of Hadronic Matter

Electromagnetic field produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions contains much useful information, because the field can be directly related to the motion of the matter in the whole stage of the reaction. One can divide the total electromagnetic field into three parts, i.e., the contributions from the incident nuclei, non-participating nucleons and charged fluid, the latter consisting of strongly interacting hadrons or quarks. Parametrizing the space-time evolution of the charged fluid based on hydrodynamic model, we study the development of the electromagnetic field which accompanies the high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We found that the incident nuclei bring a rather strong electromagnetic field to the interaction region of hadrons or quarks over a few fm after the collision. On the other hand, the observed charged hadrons' spectra are mostly affected (Coulomb effect) by the field of the charged fluid. We compare the result of our model with experimental data and found that the model reproduces them well. The pion yield ratio pi^-/pi+ at a RHIC energy, Au+Au 100+100 GeV/nucleon, is also predicted.Comment: 23 pages, RevTex, 19 eps figures, revised versio

Possible Verification of Tilted Anisotropic Dirac Cone in \alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2 I_3 Using Interlayer Magnetoresistance

It is proposed that the presence of a tilted and anisotropic Dirac cone can be verified using the interlayer magnetoresistance in the layered Dirac fermion system, which is realized in quasi-two-dimensional organic compound \alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2 I_3. Theoretical formula is derived using the analytic Landau level wave functions and assuming local tunneling of electrons. It is shown that the resistivity takes the maximum in the direction of the tilt if anisotropy of the Fermi velocity of the Dirac cone is small. The procedure is described to determine the parameters of the tilt and anisotropy.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, corrected Fig.

Modeling Software Characteristics and Their Correlations in A Specific Domain by Comparing Existing Similar Systems

QSIC 2005, Melbourne, Australia, Sep. 2005Software in a specific domain has several characteristics and each characteristic should be fixed when the software requirements are specified. In addition, these characteristics sometimes correlate with each other. However, we sometimes forget to specify several characteristics and/or to take their correlations into account during requirements elicitation. In this paper, we propose a meta-model for representing such characteristics and their correlations, and also propose a method to build a model for a specific domain by using documents about existing software systems. By using our model for a domain, a requirements specification for a system in the domain could be complete and unambiguous because requirements analysts can check the characteristics that should be decided. The specification could be also correct and consistent because the analysts can know side effects of a requirement change by using correlation among the characteristics. We have applied our methods to a case study for confirming the usefulness of such model and the methods.ArticleProceedings : the Fifth International Conference on Quality Software. 215-222 (2005)conference pape

Magic angle effects of the one-dimensional axis conductivity in quasi-one dimensional conductors

In quasi-one-dimensional conductors, the conductivity in both one-dimensional axis and interchain direction shows peaks when magnetic field is tilted at the magic angles in the plane perpendicular to the conducting chain. Although there are several theoretical studies to explain the magic angle effect, no satisfactory explanation, especially for the one-dimensional conductivity, has been obtained. We present a new theory of the magic angle effect in the one-dimensional conductivity by taking account of the momentum-dependence of the Fermi velocity, which should be large in the systems close to a spin density wave instability. The magic angle effect is explained in the semiclassical equations of motion, but neither the large corrugation of the Fermi surface due to long-range hoppings nor hot spots, where the relaxation time is small, on the Fermi surface are required.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

What information can we obtain from the yield ratio π−/π+\pi^-/\pi^+ in heavy-ion collisions ?

The recently reported data on the yield ratio $\pi^-/\pi^+$ in central rapidity region of heavy-ion collisions are analyzed by theoretical formula which accounts for Coulomb interaction between central charged fragment (CCF) consisting of nearly stopped nucleons with effective charge Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} and charged pions produced in the same region of the phase space. The Coulomb wave function method is used instead of the usual Gamow factor in order to account for the finite production range of pions, $\beta$. For Gaussian shape of the pion production sources it results in a quasi-scaling in $\beta$ and Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} which makes determination of parameters $\beta$ and Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} from the existing experimental data difficult. Only sufficiently accurate data taken in the extreme small $m_{\scriptscriptstyle T}$-$m_{\pi}$ region, where this quasi-scaling is broken, could be used for this purpose.Comment: 7 pages, Latex type, 8 figure

Facial reanimation by transposition of the masseter muscle combined with tensor fascia lata, using the zygomatic arch as a pulley

This is an electronic version of an article published in Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 42(1):17-22 (2008). Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery is available online at informaworldTM.ArticleScandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 42(1):17-22 (2008)journal articl